IETF MANET Working Group Mario Gerla, UCLA INTERNET-DRAFT Xiaoyan Hong, UCLA Expiration: June 17, 2002 Guangyu Pei Rockwell Scientific Company December 17, 2001 Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks Status of This Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at https://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at https://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft is a submission to the IETF Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Working Group. Comments on this draft may be sent to the Working Group at manet@itd.nrl.navy.mil, or may be sent directly to the authors. Abstract The Fisheye State Routing (FSR) algorithm for ad hoc networks introduces the notion of multi-level "scope" to reduce routing update overhead in large networks. A node stores the Link State for every destination in the network. It periodically broadcasts the Link State update of a destination to its neighbors with a frequency that depends on the hop distance to that destination Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 1] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 (i.e., the "scope" relative to that destination). State updates corresponding to far away destinations are propagated with lower frequency than those for close by destinations. From state updates, nodes construct the topology map of the entire network and compute efficient routes. The route on which the packet travels becomes progressively more accurate as the packet approaches its destination. FSR resembles Link State routing in that it propagates Link State updates. However, the updates are propagated as aggregates, periodically (with period dependent on distance) instead of being flooded individually from each source. FSR leads to major reduction in link O/H caused by routing table updates. It enhances scalability of large, mobile ad hoc networks. Contents Status of This Memo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. General Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Specification Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Protocol Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Networking Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. Protocol Characteristics and Mechanisms . . . . . . . . 5 5. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Fisheye Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1. Fisheye Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2. Fisheye State Routing Exchange Scheme . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. Protocol Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.1 Contents of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.1.1 Neighbor List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.1.2 Topology Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.1.3 Routing Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2. Link State Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7.2.1. Description of the fields . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7.3. Link State Message Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.3.1 Originating Link State Message . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.3.2 Receiving Link State Message . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.4. Link Breakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.5. Routing Table Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 2] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 8. Data Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. Considerations about Routing Inaccuracy . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chair's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. Introduction This document describes the Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) [1,2] developed by the Wireless Adaptive Mobility (WAM) Laboratory [7] at University of California, Los Angeles. Fisheye State Routing is a table-driven routing protocol which is adapted to the wireless ad hoc environment. It provides an implicit hierarchical routing structure. Through updating link state information with different frequencies depending on the fisheye scope distance, FSR scales well to large network size and keeps overhead low without compromising route computation accuracy when the destination is near. The routing accuracy of FSR is comparable with an ideal Link State scheme. By retaining a routing entry for each destination, FSR avoids the extra work of "finding" the destination (as in on-demand routing) and thus maintains low single packet transmission latency. As mobility increases, routes to remote destinations become less accurate. However, when a packet approaches its destination, it finds increasingly accurate routing instructions as it enters sectors with a higher refresh rate. As a results, FSR is more desirable for large mobile networks where mobility is high and the bandwidth is low. By choosing proper number of scope levels and radius size, FSR proves to be a flexible solution to the challenge of maintaining accurate routes in ad hoc networks. The following properties of FSR highlight its advantages. * Simplicity * Usage of up-to-date shortest routes * Robustness to host mobility * Exchange Partial Routing Update with neighbors Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 3] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 * Reduced Routing Update Traffic 2. Changes Major changes from version 01 to version 02: - Added operations to exclude those entries whose propagation will not cause topology update at its neighbors. - Editorial changes. Major changes from version 00 to version 01: - Update of "Status of This Memo". 3. Terminology 3.1. General Terms This section defines terminology used in FSR. node A MANET router that implements this Fisheye State Routing protocol. neighbor Nodes that are within the radio transmission range. fisheye scope A zone that is bounded by hop distances. 3.2. Specification Language The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [8]. 4. Protocol Applicability 4.1. Networking Context FSR is best suited for large scale mobile ad hoc wireless networks, as the scope update scheme has larger advantages in reducing routing update packet size and achieve high date packet to routing packet ratio. Moreover, the fact that the route error is weighted by Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 4] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 distance obviously reduces the sensitivity to network size. FSR is also suited for high mobility ad hoc wireless networks. This is because in a mobility environment, a change on a link far away from the source does not necessarily cause a change in the routing table at the source. 4.2. Protocol Characteristics and Mechanisms * Does the protocol provide support for unidirectional links? (if so, how?) Yes, since FSR is link state based routing protocol and directional link states can be included in the FSR update messages. * Does the protocol require the use of tunneling? (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol require using some form of source routing? (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol require the use of periodic messaging? (if so, how?) Yes. The FSR periodically exchanges partial link state information with its neighbors * Does the protocol require the use of reliable or sequenced packet delivery? (if so, how?) No. As the packets are sent periodically, they need not be sent reliably. * Does the protocol provide support for routing through a multi- technology routing fabric? (if so, how?) Yes. It is assumed that each node's network interface is assigned a unique IP address. * Does the protocol provide support for multiple hosts per router? (if so, how?) Yes. The router that has multiple hosts can use network ID of these hosts as the address to participate FSR. * Does the protocol support the IP addressing architecture? (if so, how?) Yes. Each node is assumed to have a unique IP address (or Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 5] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 set of unique IP addresses in the case of multiple interfaces). The FSR references all nodes/interfaces by their IP address. This version of the FSR also supports IP network addressing (network prefixes) for routers that provide access to a network of non-router hosts. * Does the protocol require link or neighbor status sensing (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol have dependence on a central entity? (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol function reactively? (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol function proactively? (if so, how?) Yes. The FSR proactively maintains routing information at each node. * Does the protocol provide loop-free routing? (if so, how?) Yes. As the protocol uses link state algorithm, so the routing is loop-free in a stable state. In mobile environment, each link state entry is destination sequenced which can prevent loop in routing. * Does the protocol provide for sleep period operation?(if so, how?) Yes. However, this requires TDMA MAC layer support. The router can be scheduled to sleep during the idle period. * Does the protocol provide some form of security? (if so, how?) No. * Does the protocol provide support for utilizing multi-channel, link-layer technologies? (if so, how?) Yes, in fact the multi-channel can be used to separate routing messages from user data packets. 5. Protocol Overview Fisheye State Routing is a table-driven or proactive routing Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 6] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 protocol. It bases on link state protocol and has the ability of immediately providing route information when needed. The fisheye scope technique allows exchanging link state messages at different intervals for nodes within different fisheye scope distance, which reduces the link state message size. Further optimization allows FSR only broadcast topology message to neighbors [4] in order to reduce the flood overhead. With these optimizations, FSR significantly reduces the topology exchange overhead and scales well to large network size. FSR routes each data packet according to locally computed routing table. The routing table uses most recent topology information. The fisheye scope message updating scheme will not lose routing accuracy for inner scope nodes. For outer scope nodes, information in routing entries may blur due to longer exchange interval, but the extra work of "finding" the destination (as in on-demand routing) is not necessary. Thus low single packet transmission latency can be maintained. At a mobile environment, this inaccuracy for remote nodes will increase. However, when a packet approaches its destination, it finds increasingly accurate routing instructions as it enters sectors with a higher refresh rate. FSR doesn't trigger any control messages when a link failure is reported. Thus it is suitable for high topology change environment. The broken link will not be included in the next fisheye scope link state message exchange. Sequence number and table refreshment enables the FSR to maintain the latest link state information and loop-free in a unreliable propagation media and highly mobile network. The protocol works independently with the IP format of packets and is a distributed protocol. It can be implemented either in network layer or in application layer. It only deals with routing table management of the network system. 6. Fisheye Technique FSR uses the "fisheye" technique proposed by Kleinrock and Stevens [3], where the technique was used to reduce the size of information required to represent graphical data. The eye of a fish captures with high detail the pixels near the focal point. The detail decreases as the distance from the focal point increases. In routing, the fisheye approach translates to maintaining accurate distance and path quality information about the immediate neighborhood of a node, with progressively less detail as the distance increases. 6.1. Fisheye Scope The fisheye scope is defined as the set of nodes that can be reached within a given number of hops. An example of a fisheye Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 7] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 scope (at node A) of hop 2 is shown below. +-----------------------------------------+ | +---+ | +---+ | +---+ ---| F |-------|-------| H | +---+ | +---+ --| C |--/ +---+ +---+ | +---+ | G |-----| D |--/ +---+ | E | | +---+ | +---+ | +---+ +---+ | | +---+ ---| B |-------| | | | A |--/ +---+ | | +---+ | +-----------------------------------------+ Fisheye Scope at Node A of Hop 2 Note that in this example node E can be reached through B from A with 2 hops and through F with 3 hops. Since the minimum path length is 2, E are within the fisheye scope of node A. By setting multiple hop radius, multiple level of scopes will cover the entire network. 6.2. Fisheye State Routing Exchange Scheme FSR is functionally similar to Link State Routing (LS) in that it maintains a topology map at each node. The key difference is the way in which routing information is disseminated. In LS, the update message could consume considerable amount of bandwidth, which depends on the update period. In order to reduce the size of update messages without seriously affecting routing accuracy, FSR uses the Fisheye technique. Entries in routing table corresponding to nodes within the smallest scope are propagated to the neighbors with the highest frequency. The rest of the entries are sent out with lower frequencies. As a result, a considerable fraction of link state entries is suppressed in a typical update, thus reducing the message size. Thus by using different exchange periods for different entries in routing table, routing update overhead is reduced. This strategy produces timely updates from near stations, but creates large latencies from stations afar. However the imprecise knowledge of the best path to a distant destination is compensated by the fact that the route becomes progressively more accurate as the packet gets closer to destination. As the network size grows large, a "graded" frequency update plan must be used across multiple scopes to keep the overhead low. Link state packets are generated and flooded into the network periodically or whenever a node detects a topology change. In FSR, link state packets are not flooded. Instead, they are exchanged periodically with their local neighbors only. The periodic updates act also as neighbor discovering. Each node, after hearing its neighbor's broadcast message, adds/updates its neighbor list and topology table. A node maintains a Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 8] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 link state table based on the up-to-date information received from neighboring nodes. Sequence numbers are used for entry replacements. The sequenced periodic table update resembles the vector exchange in Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV [5]) where the distances are updated according to the time stamp or sequence number assigned by the node originating the update. However, in FSR link states rather than distance vectors are propagated. Moreover, like in LS, a full topology map is kept at each node and shortest paths are computed using this map. In a wireless environment, a radio link between mobile nodes may experience frequent disconnects and reconnects. The LS protocol releases a link state update for each such change, which floods the network and causes excessive overhead. FSR avoids this problem by using periodic, instead of event driven, exchange of the topology map, greatly reducing the control message overhead. The entries to be included in the periodic broadcast message are selected according to the rule that their propagation should cause an update in topology tables of its neighbors. The benefit of this operation is large in a dense network where a node may find that all its neighbors have the same freshness of the information about another node. By excluding such entries, only the effective entries are included in the link state update message which leads to reduction in the size of the message. 7. Protocol Operation This section discusses the operation of FSR routing protocol. The sending and receiving of routing packets are in the proactive nature. And the routing packets are processed separately from ordinary data packets. 7.1 Contents of Tables Each node running FSR is required to maintain following tables. The required tables and suggested fields are listed below. 7.1.1 Neighbor List When a node receives a link state message, it records/updates the sender's link state information in its neighbor list. If the node does not receive link state updates from a neighbor for a NEIGHBOR_TIMEOUT interval, the entry for that neighbor will be deleted from the neighbor list. The following information is maintained in the list for each neighbor node: - Neighbor ID - Latest time receiving from the neighbor Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 9] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 7.1.2 Topology Table Topology table records the topology information obtained from the link state message. Each destination has an entry in the table. The entry contains three parts: the destination information, its link state information and variables for selecting effective entries. Based on this table, the routing table is calculated. The distance information is maitained in the routing table and is used to classified the node to a fisheye scope. The topology table has following fields for every link state entry: - Destination Address - Destination sequence number - Last heard time - A list of its neighbors - Previous sequence number - A flag for "NeedToSend" 7.1.3 Routing Table The routing table of FSR provides the next hop information to forward the packets for the other destinations in the network. The entries are updated when topology table is changed. The routing table has the following fields: - Destination Address - Next hop address - Distance Initially when a FSR router is powered up, it knows nothing about the network except routing information about all interfaces and hosts that are directly attached to the router. 7.2. Link State Message Periodically, nodes broadcast the effective portion of the topology tables to their neighbors. By listening to these broadcastings, each node builds up its neighbor list. As the source address (the address originating this message) and destination address(broadcast address of the network) are already included in the IP header, the link state message given here only contains packet size and topology table entries. At very beginning, this broadcast contains only itself with empty topology table. The proposed format of a Link State Message (assume the link cost is measured in hop distance and is 1 for each neighbor, therefore the link cost is not included) is as follows. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Packet Length | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 10] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 | Destination Address 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Destination Sequence Number 1 | N_neighbors 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Neighbor Address 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : . . . : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Neighbor Address N_neighbors 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Destination Address 2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Destination Sequence Number 2 | N_neighbors 2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Neighbor Address 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : . . . : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Neighbor Address N_neighbors 2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ : . . . : : : (etc) 7.2.1. Description of the fields Packet Length The length (in bytes) of the packet. Reserved The bits are set to '0' and are ignored on reception. Destination Address 1 The first destination address in the topology table. Destination Sequence Number 1 The last sequence number received for the first destination in the past by the source of the message. N_neighbors 1 The number of neighbors of the first destination. Neighbor Address 1, ..., Neighbor Address N_neighbors 1 The list of neighbors of the first destination. The number is indicated in the field N_neighbors 1. Destination Address 2 The second destination address in the topology table. Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 These fields are repeated for each entry in the topology table. The length of link state message is limited to the maximum IP packet size. In that case, multiple packets may required to broadcast all the topology entries. 7.3. Link State Message Processing 7.3.1 Originating Link State Message Each node broadcasts the latest link state information to its neighbors. FSR uses different update intervals for different entries in the table according to their distance from the node. To be precise, entries corresponding to nodes that are nearby (within a predefined scope) are propagated to the neighbors more frequently than entries of nodes that are far away. When it is the time for updating fisheye scope-i's topology information, by scanning through the topology table, the nodes whose distance to the current node is within the range of scope-i will be included in the update message if it is an effective entry. The update interval of fisheye scope level i is UpdateInterval_i. If the current node will be included in the link state message, its sequence number is increased by one. To select the effective portion of the scope-i link state message, an entry corresponding to scope-i is chosen if its flag of "NeedToSend" is true. After the message is sent, all the flags of entries of scope-i are reset to false, and the previous sequence numbers are copied with the current sequence number. 7.3.2 Receiving Link State Message When a node receives a link state message, it first checks its neighbor link state list for the sender. If the sender is a new neighbor, it will insert the sender into the list. Otherwise, it will update the timestamp and link state information about the sender in the list. The node then processes the link state information contained in the update message. For each link state entry in the packet, the following situations are considered. (1) If it is a new destination to the current node, a new topology table entry will be created and filled with corresponding information. The "NeedToSend" flag sets to true. (2) Otherwise, only the most up to date destination is copied to the local topology table. That is, if any entry in the incoming message has a larger sequence number regarding to destination j comparing with the ones stored in the node's local storage, the local entry will be replaced by the incoming one. The "NeedToSend" flag sets Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 to true. (3) For a incoming destination not fitting into the previous two cases, if the information is older than the one stored in current node, i.e., its destination sequence number is less than the previous sequence number of the stored entry, the entry in the current node's topology table needs to be sent in next link state update. The "NeedToSend" flag of the entry sets to true. After all incoming entries are examined, if there are any changes in the topology table, routing table is updated. 7.4 Link Breakage In a mobile ad hoc network, link breakage is a frequent incident. Each node uses soft state to detect link breakage, i.e., each node will delete a neighbor from its link state list if it does not receive link state messages from the neighbor after a NEIGHBOR_TIMEOUT interval. FSR does not rely on feedback from MAC. If MAC can provide Feedback in case of link failure, FSR will use the report to update the neighbor table and provide more up-to-date routing information. This faster discovery can result in a better performance. 7.5. Routing Table Calculation Whenever there are changes in the topology table, the routing table will be updated. Based on the latest topology table, the Dijkstra's algorithm [6] is performed to find the shortest paths from current node for all the destinations known to it, i.e., in the topology table. Old routing table is replaced completely by the newly computed next hop information. FindSP(i) is the algorithm used to create a shortest path tree rooted at i. In this documentation, the procedure is based on the Dijkstra's algorithm with modifications so that the next hop (denoted as table NEXTi()) and the distance (denoted as table Di()) are computed in parallel with the tree reconstruction. At node i, FindSP(i) initiates with P = {i}, then it iterates until P = V, where V is the set of all nodes. In each iteration, it searches for a node j such that node j minimizes the value of (Di(k) + weight(k,j)), for all j and k, where j belongs to {V - P}, k belongs to nodes in topology table and weight(k,j) does not equal to infinite. Once node j is found, P is augmented with j, D(j) is assigned to D(k) + weight(k,j) and NEXTi(j) is assigned to NEXTi(k). That is, as the shortest path from i to j has to go through k, the successor for i to j is the same successor for i to k. A weight function, weight(), is used to compute the distance of Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 a link. Since minimum hop shortest path is considered in this stage, this weight function simply returns 1 if two nodes have direct connection, otherwise, it returns 0. This weight function may also be replaced with other functions for routing with different metrics. For instance, a bandwidth function can be used to realize a QoS routing. 8. Data Packet Forwarding As the routing table is calculated background, hop by hop data packet forwarding is very straight forward. The source node or any intermediate nodes retrieve the destination from the data packet, and look at their routing tables. If the route is known, i.e., there is an entry for the destination, the data packet is sent to the next hop node. This procedure repeats until the packet finally reaches the destination. 9. Considerations about Routing Inaccuracy FSR only has inaccurate routing information about remote nodes. This inaccuracy is affected by the route update interval. The longer the update interval, the less accurate the routing information. However, several features of FSR reduces the routing inaccuracy. For large network size, as the route error is weighted by distance, the sensitivity to network size is largely reduced. Thus, receiving updates about far away nodes at low frequency will not significantly affect the routing accuracy. The same mechanism applies to mobility, i.e., the progressive accurating of the routing path reduces the impact from mobility. Also, increasing the scope radius will improve the accuracy. But using larger radii will increase the routing update packets which causes more control overhead. 10. Configuration Parameters This section gives default values for some important parameters associated with the FSR protocol operations. Readers should take these values as an example for the design of their own network scenario. Different values of these parameters may affect the performance of the protocol. The following values define a network with two level fisheye scopes. The inner scope is bounded by hop distance 2. Two different update frequencies are used for the scopes, they are called IntraScope_Interval and InterScope_Interval for inner and outer scope respectively. Parameter Name Value ----------------------------- ---------------- Number of Scope 2 Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 IntraScope_Interval 5 second IntreScope_Interval 15 seconds NEIGHBOR_TIMEOUT 15 seconds Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NSF under contract ANI-9814675, in part by DARPA under contract DAAB07-97-C-D321. References [1] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T.-W. Chen, "Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks", Proceedings of ICC 2000, New Orleans, LA, Jun. 2000. [2] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T.-W. Chen, "Fisheye State Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Taipei, Taiwan, Apr. 2000. [3] L. Kleinrock and K. Stevens, "Fisheye: A Lenslike Computer Display Transformation," Technical report, UCLA, Computer Science Department, 1971. [4] T.-W. Chen and M. Gerla, "Global State Routing: A New Routing Scheme for Ad-hoc Wireless Networks," In Proceedings of IEEE ICC'98, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 1998, pp. 171-175. [5] C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination- Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers," In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM'94, London, UK, Sep. 1994, pp. 234-244. [6] R. Sedgewick,Weighted Graphs, chapter 31, Addision-Wesley, 1983. [7] UCLA Wireless Adaptive Mobility (WAM) Laboratory. https://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless [8] S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. RFC 2119, March 1997. Chair's Address The MANET Working Group can be contacted via its current chairs: M. Scott Corson Flarion Technologies, Inc. Bedminster One 135 Route 202/206 South Bedminster, NJ 07921 Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 15] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 USA Phone: +1 908 947-7033 Email: corson@flarion.com Joseph Macker Information Technology Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 USA Phone: +1 202 767-2001 Email: macker@itd.nrl.navy.mil Authors' Addresses Questions about this document can also be directed to the authors: Mario Gerla 3732F Boelter Hall Computer Science Department University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1596 USA Phone: +1 310 825-4367 Fax: +1 310 825-7578 Email: gerla@cs.ucla.edu Xiaoyan Hong 3803F Boelter Hall Computer Science Department University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1596 USA Phone: +1 310 825-4623 Fax: +1 310 825-7578 Email: hxy@cs.ucla.edu Guangyu Pei Rockwell Scientific Company 1049 Camino Dos Rios P.O. Box 1085 Thousand Oaks, CA 91358-0085 USA Phone: +1 805 373-4639 Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 16] INTERNET-DRAFT Fisheye State Routing Protocol December 17, 2001 Fax: +1 805 373-4383 Email: gpei@rwsc.com Gerla, Hong and Pei [Page 17]